Glasswing International teaches Latin American communities to understand and recover from the traumatic effects of chronic and acute violence.
Host Jonathan Levine November 18, 2021
A volunteer instructs Salvadoran children during the after-school English club, which is part of the Glasswing Community School program. (Photo courtesy of Glasswing International.)
The northern triangle of Latin America is one of the most violent countries in the world. El Salvador and Honduras have been among the countries with the highest murder rates for many years. This is not only the gang violence we hear the most, but also domestic abuse and gender-based violence. The trauma it left behind has had a devastating impact on the entire community, from hospital staff treating victims to police officers patrolling the streets—especially the impact on children and their ability to learn.
Celina de Sola worked in humanitarian aid before returning to her hometown of San Salvador in 2007, looking for ways to protect children from violence. Together with her husband Ken Baker and brother Diego, she founded a volunteer-led children’s after-school club in one of the most dangerous neighborhoods in the city. Today, Glasswing International provides knowledge and training to schools, hospitals and police forces to overcome the debilitating effects of trauma caused by violence. To date, Glasswing has covered more than 2 million children and adults in nine countries in Latin America and New York City. It also cooperates with governments to further expand the scale of the “trauma informed ecosystem”, which can not only improve students’ academic performance and adaptability, but also create a restorative antidote to help break the cycle of violence. This episode tells the story of Glasswing, including:
Source articles in this episode include:
The complete record of the episode is as follows.
I come from a family that is involved in gangs. So you can say that my future has been decided. I have been surrounded by weapons and drugs since I was a child. This is normal to me.
This is Emanuel. He grew up in Guatemala and spent most of his time hanging out on the street with his sister.
Around the corner, you can see me holding a beer in one hand and a cigarette in the other. Maybe I’m talking to a gang member. People will retreat when they see me.
When he was 17, Emanuel had the opportunity to volunteer for an organization called Glasswing, which operated an after-school club for children. He signed up.
I never thought I could do something different. When there is an opportunity to volunteer and influence young people, it is like a magic fountain. Teachers, family members and children have given me more and more trust and care. I understand that maybe this is what I was born to do. To help others.
He begged his sister to volunteer with him, but she has two children and needs money. When the local gang invited the two of them to join, she said yes, but Emanuel refused. Then one day, he is going to school.
I left my room and went around the corner. I saw a man on the phone. He just stared at me. Then he said, "Run to your sister's house, run to your sister's house." I tried my best to get there. When I got there, the door was open. I saw 12 bullet holes in my sister's body. When I saw her covered in blood, my body began to tremble. I think I was shocked because I was speechless. There is nothing to say. I never knew why they treated her like that.
He could have retaliated. In his past life, this will be the obvious choice.
I believe I will seek revenge, or, I don’t know. Maybe I will be the first person to be killed like that. Now I just don’t want to imagine what would happen if I didn’t change the path I took.
Emanuel owes his choice to Glasswing.
The opportunity to help these children gave me a different perspective and made me commit to changing their lives so that they would not fall into the abyss where I fell into such a long time. My sister got lost.
The Stanford Social Innovation Review from Stanford University, this is uncharted territory-stories about people at the forefront of global development and their journey of social innovation. This is Jonathan Levine. Today’s show is about an organization venturing into places that no one else would think of, and finding a way to do things that no one thought possible. Glasswing International provides tools to communities ravaged by violence to understand the impact of trauma and heal from it. The El Salvador-based non-profit organization has mobilized more than 100,000 volunteers, such as Emanuel, and trained frontline workers in Central America and Mexico, benefiting more than 2 million children and adults. Glasswing co-founder Celina de Sola (Celina de Sola) said people in these places where violence prevails desperately need help.
If we do not address the root causes of violence, we will lose a generation of young people.
Selena said this must change. it can.
Children in these communities are not born with the desire to commit violence or become victims, or they are not born with these characteristics. By addressing mental health issues, we can interrupt these generational cycles, we can interrupt the violence we see in many communities, especially in the northern triangle — El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras — but also in the region, frankly , In so many communities in the world.
This is our reporter Kathleen Schalch to see how Glasswing is trying to break the cycle of violence. Here is just a note: In some cases, we only use names to protect identities, and we do not identify any children.
Here are some statistics. Last year, El Salvador had the highest murder rate in the world. Honduras ranked second. Celina de Sola said this is not just gang violence. There is also domestic abuse and gender-based violence...
...And the highest rate of child homicide and female homicide. In El Salvador in 2018, a woman was a victim of female murder every 24 hours. Latin America has 8% of the world's population, but accounts for 37% of its homicides. In addition, in 2016 alone, more than one-third of Latin Americans reported that they were victims of violent crime.
This is sad, but life in fear has become the norm.
Elubia is the project coordinator for Glasswing in Guatemala.
Day after day, life is impermanent. You never know when you will hear one or more shots. You don't know where they will come from. When you go out, you think that something will always happen. If you hear strange noises nearby or on the street, you think, "My son, my daughter." Everyone thinks that something might happen to their children.
Violence and trauma can perpetuate oneself by changing the way people think and behave. Being traumatized increases the likelihood that people will become victims or perpetrators in the future. It will weaken their ability to build relationships, trust, control tempers and think rationally. It is more difficult for adults to concentrate on their work, and it is more difficult for children to concentrate in class.
When you are traumatized, it does affect your ability to learn because you are trying to survive. The stress response of your brain basically shuts down your critical thinking and other functions, which makes learning difficult.
Those facing the most stress and trauma often have nowhere to seek help. There are few well-trained professionals or mental health services to explain what happened to them or what they can do.
Just to give you a feeling: In the United States, there are approximately 270 mental health professionals per 100,000 people. In Honduras, there are only two. Therefore, in these situations, the lack of mental health professionals is extreme. What we need to do is to equip individuals, communities and the entire society. Therefore, we can have a better front line of mental health support, because this will be the only way we can truly interrupt these cycles of violence, victimization and crime.
The idea is to train people in schools, hospitals, police departments, and other organizations to understand the effects of trauma and its lasting effects on human biology, emotions, and behavior. This way they can better take care of themselves and others.
Celina de Sola, her husband Ken Baker and her brother Diego founded Glasswing in 2007. They named it after a butterfly.
It is an endemic butterfly-it exists from Mexico to Colombia. So it is in the Latin American region where we work.
We believe in this shift in power. We also like the fact that it has transparent wings. For us, accountability and transparency are very important. And this species can carry 40 times its weight. It is this tiny creature with incredible power.
They were also inspired by the butterfly effect-a butterfly flapping its wings can generate power that can set off storms in the ocean.
You know that actions taken in an instant, even if they are considered small actions, can have a huge impact elsewhere in the future.
Celina can trace some of the ideas behind Glasswing to the whispers of her conscience as a little girl. In the early 1980s, during the Salvadoran Civil War, her family moved from El Salvador to the United States, but they returned to her grandmother's home every summer. Selena was stunned by the poverty and suffering she saw.
This seems unfair to me, right? So casual. So even if I don’t have social justice or fairness, it does make me feel guilty, right?
Her parents told her that what she had witnessed was unfair and wrong. But instead of feeling guilty, think about what she can do. She did it. She started as a volunteer in middle school and later worked in an organization called America Cares. It charters flights and provides humanitarian assistance to people caught in brutal conflicts and natural disasters. Selena went to Darfur, Liberia, Iraq, Afghanistan, Chad, Haiti and other places. A few years later, she became the emergency response director of the organization. In 2004, after the tsunami killed more than 200,000 people, Celina flew to Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Humanitarian organizations are grabbing water, food, tents and medical supplies. One evening, a young local man hired to help them sat with her and showed her old photos. Suddenly, he began to laugh uncontrollably. An interpreter tried to explain.
He was basically telling me that he had lost his family, he left the market and went to the market. When he returned, only the foundation of the house was left.
Aid agencies brought medicines and staff to treat mental problems. But Selena did not feel that this satisfies the needs of the entire population to fight unimaginable losses. She left that job. She has obtained a master's degree in social work. She went back and won the second place in the field of public health.
I actually wrote a thesis on mental health and complex emergencies. This is really something I became obsessed with.
Celina is also interested in returning to El Salvador, where she witnessed the hardships of her childhood. She and her husband Ken moved to San Salvador in 2006 and began to think about ways to protect children from violence. One idea is to simply give them something to do. In El Salvador, children only spend four or five hours in public school every morning or afternoon. There is no public entertainment, football field or other organized activities-children can only wander in the streets. So one day, Selena and Ken really walked into a school and asked if they could volunteer for extracurricular activities. That school is known for its dangers. People avoid the street where it is located because it is the boundary between blocks controlled by rival gangs. When Selena and Ken appeared, everyone was confused, including the children.
They don't understand. They are like, why, what? Why? Why are you doing this? who are you?
Katherine Schalch 12:53
But soon many children came to after-school clubs, and Selena and Ken needed more volunteers to manage these clubs. That was when they founded Glasswing. At first, they envisioned it as a kind of volunteer information clearinghouse, where a person in need of a task could find them.
That did not really succeed. Volunteer service was not an important part of culture at the time.
Therefore, they decided to approach the company and invite a group of employees to come for a day to help complete things such as school beautification projects.
They go as volunteers, they show up at school, and they are like, "What else can we do here?" You are like, oh, actually, we can repair more bathrooms, we can replace this roof. You can also do mentoring, or you can fund extracurricular projects. So once you involve them in this very sporadic moment, you will be able to attract them.
Volunteers find that they like to work with children. Even in communities known for crime or violence, Glasswing can keep volunteers safe. Maritza Trejo is the Regional Education and Youth Director of Glasswing.
We provided them with a very bright green T-shirt so that when you see this color, they can be recognized hundreds of meters away. Whoever sees the volunteer in the T-shirt, you know they are classroom volunteers, so they will never be stopped by gang members.
Maritza is committed to transforming community schools into what Glasswing calls community schools and provides after-school clubs for children and young people. She said that in the first year she focused on building trust. She first asked the students to show her around.
I basically talk to anyone I see on the street and talk about Glasswing, shop by shop, and we will be in school-we provide after-school lessons for students. Eventually this information will also reach the ears of the gang members, you know. They respect a lot of our work, because many gang members don’t want their children to follow in their footsteps. Our community school program has been carried out in these schools for more than 10 years, and we have never had any accidents.
Here are some of the things kids love about clubs:
Do arts and crafts...do experiments...I can read now!
Katherine Schalch 15:24
But there is a bigger mission, Maritza said.
Although yes, we do want children to learn English, but we do want them to learn a sport or learn how to conduct some scientific experiments. This is an excuse for how we bring them into our program. But the main goal is that we want them to experience a sense of belonging, you know, because this is the same as the sense of belonging that many young people are attracted to gangs, because they feel that they are part of the family, and they feel that someone has their own sense of belonging.
Katherine Schalch 15:57
She said that these children live in a lot of uncertainty. They don't know when or if their parents will go home, or if there is food in the house. Some people live in violence and abuse. So the idea is to provide them with something they can rely on-a safe place and a caring adult who comes up every week and believes in them and tries to help them. Children say it is important to have these adult mentors.
I think she is part of my family...an idol...a role model. When we encounter problems, she will help us realize that not everything is bad... She is like my second mother... She has been by my side, saying "You have great potential!"... My life People like her are needed in China. She came to save me... Because of her support, I went back to school.
Katherine Schalch 17:01
Research shows that for traumatized children, having a mentor, an adult they can rely on, can be a life-changing intervention. Celina says that a caring adult who believes in you can make you see yourself in a whole new way.
This is what can help you make a decision, because suddenly, you are not a bad person, you are not a misbehaving child, you are behaving like that because of something. If I know this is the case, then I can also acquire the skills to manage the effects of trauma.
Katherine Schalch 17:36
Glasswing's community school program did not explicitly focus on treating trauma at the beginning. But this is actually what they are doing.
We will take mental health action without having to call it that way. We realize that the more we do, the better the overall result.
Katherine Schalch 17:55
Including some results that no one expected.
We started to notice that they were safer-that is what they did to volunteers, we started to see the progress of children in extracurricular projects in math, science and reading, and all these academic achievements that we didn't even see at first .
Katherine Schalch 18:12
Academic research, including randomized controlled trials, confirmed the school’s observations. Pablo Egaña del Sol is an economist and professor at Adolfo Ibanez University in Chile, and a co-author of the impact assessment of the Community School Program published by the World Bank. He said the results of the study are impressive.
Pablo Egaña del Sol 18:33
For example, the program reduced bad behavior by 10%, which is a lot.
Katherine Schalch 18:38
The absenteeism rate dropped by 23%. Pablo said this is really important, because in that area, children’s absence from school-which can occur a few days a week-is a big problem. They often stop understanding courses and drop out of school. He said that this is not only detrimental to individual students, but also hinders the entire economy. Students who participated in the club also achieved better results.
Pablo Egaña del Sol 19:03
We found that student performance has improved, which is also a significant result. So they stay in school more and their behavior is less violent. And their performance is improving, which gives a lot of hope.
Katherine Schalch 19:18
The researchers wanted to literally understand what was happening in the minds of these children. They connected them to a portable EEG to monitor the electrical activity in the brain.
Pablo Egaña del Sol 19:29
What we do is show pictures, such as positive or negative pictures, and then we measure physiological responses.
Katherine Schalch 19:38
They found that the children who participated in the community school program reacted differently, and they were less violent. They are able to exercise self-regulation as described in the literature. Exposure to trauma can weaken this ability because it causes certain parts of the brain to become overactive and other parts to shut down.
The closed part is the part we all like-like the part that regulates emotions is closed, the part that regulates language is closed, reasoning, critical thinking, memory. All these parts you need for learning, interpersonal relationships and even communication.
Katherine Schalch 20:18
Dionne Delgado said that this will change the way you see and respond to everything around you. She is a social worker and trauma specialist, and she helped launch a violence prevention program called Healing Hurt People in Philadelphia. Glasswing uses her expertise to help trauma victims in Central America.
Your brain now works very differently. And because of your disorder, you sometimes cannot be sure whether something constitutes a threat. So your reaction is as if everything is a threat.
Katherine Schalch 20:47
These effects can last for a long time for a reason. Trauma reconnects to the brain.
Every thought, every memory—it exists physically, as if it were there.
Katherine Schalch 20:59
Vivian Khedari is a clinical psychologist who specializes in trauma. She works in an organization called Beyond Conflict and helps Glasswing set up courses in brain physiology. She said that stress and trauma exercise the amygdala, the most primitive part of the brain, and it activates the fight or flight response to protect us from danger. Trauma redirects neural pathways to the amygdala, away from the frontal lobe of the brain, which is responsible for critical reasoning. Vivienne compares these neural pathways to trails through the forest. The more frequently hikers set foot on a trail, the smoother and more attractive it becomes. An inaccessible road becomes increasingly difficult to identify or navigate until people forget its existence. But this process can be reversed.
This is called neurogenesis-constantly making new connections. We make them where we need them.
Katherine Schalch 21:54
If people learn to trust and feel safer, then the pathway to the frontal lobe will light up more frequently and the amygdala will calm down. Just understand how stress affects your body and mind, and then practice some simple exercises, such as breathing, to start the healing process. Vivienne said that it sounds silly to let people in crisis breathe deeply, but it does work. It activates your body's parasympathetic nervous system, which acts like the brakes of a car.
Slowing your breathing slows down your heart rate, activates the parasympathetic nervous system, and puts your body into a state in which you can actually make decisions more effectively. This is why we say deep breathing.
Katherine Schalch 22:44
Glasswing uses this neuroscience to develop courses and train employees and volunteers. It tried various interventions and adopted the interventions that seemed to work best. It seems helpful to get the children in a circle and talk about their worries and wishes. Therefore, community school volunteers now start club meetings and conduct guided discussions. Some people also do mindfulness exercises with children.
Put your hands on the table or knees. Close your eyes. Feel the ground under your feet.
Katherine Schalch 23:21
Glasswing's community school program has now benefited more than 110,000 children and expanded from El Salvador to Honduras and Guatemala. Glasswing has expanded to meet the mental health needs of adults. Say it again, Celina de Sola.
When you consider who the population interacts with, you can't just focus on the children in school, right? They also interact with the health system, and you interact with law enforcement. These are indeed the three most important actors.
In 2014, Glasswing launched the Sanando Heridas or Wound Healing Program. It teaches the effects of trauma to doctors, nurses, and assistants in hospitals so that they can take better care of patients and themselves. Natalia Salcedo helped organize the program and is now the country director of Glasswing El Salvador. She said that due to low wages, inadequate supply and long working hours, the life of medical staff is very stressful. But also because some patients like gang members feel uneasy around.
They may be handcuffed to the bed and a little abandoned there until they have to go to treat them. There is absolutely no face-to-face conversation. Go in, heal the wound, and then get him out of the door.
Katherine Schalch 24:46
However, she said that this is a unique opportunity when someone is seriously injured and needs medical help.
This is the moment when they realize "If I want to continue my life, I don't want to continue my current life", you know. It's a bit like you can decide the key points to change your life.
To make this possible, health care workers need to understand how their own traumatic experiences affect them. They participate in such group meetings.
The reaction is physical. The reaction is emotional. The response is cognitive.
Katherine Schalch 25:38
This can make it easier for you to calm down and focus on caring for the patient. The plan also seeks to build empathy. Natalia recalled a group meeting in which a young man described being abused and fell into a life that he deeply regrets. A nurse is sitting in that circle.
So when we started, she was very like, numb-a very blank face, showing no emotion. Then, when the young man shared his experience and how terrible it was, and his final position was really not the position he wanted, you can see the changes on the nurse's face. It’s like she started to burst into tears and kind of realized, “Oh my God, I’m just becoming another person in this child’s life and leading him down the wrong path because I didn’t show compassion. I didn’t show that I cared. ."
Sanando Heridas plans to train everyone caring for patients to recognize and treat trauma. They are taught to make eye contact, start a conversation, and explain the symptoms they are looking for. They also provide referrals for follow-up care, including emotional or legal support. According to a study by the World Bank, patients in participating hospitals are 58% more likely to be referred to a mental health professional, while those who have suffered violence are 30% less likely to be victims again. One possible explanation is that trauma awareness helps them recognize and avoid danger without being panicked, angry, or numb due to fear.
Like medical staff, police in Central American countries are also under great pressure.
We leave the jurisdiction to investigate the complaint. We don’t know that we will come back from the dead, do you know?
The Sanando Heridas project is now training police officers like Teresa, who is a member of the National Civil Police of El Salvador.
My responsibilities range from receiving complaints to patrolling operations. Over time, stress and work overload and our responsibilities will affect us. We no longer take care of ourselves, no longer take care of our mental health. Sometimes we will be in each other's throats. But this is part of the pressure we feel. Today, I received training as a trauma intervention specialist, which made me feel very proud and satisfied.
Dionne Delgado, who helped Glasswing set up the Sanando Heridas project, said that the police do benefit from knowing how they feel at work. When things escalate, training can help them calm down.
So it reduces isolation, reduces shame, reduces shame, right? It created this community, where people can now ask for help.
Police officer and trauma intervention expert Teresa (Teresa) said the public has also benefited.
The Sanando Heridas plan shows us that we need to make sure we are okay before we run into problems on the street. By eliminating negative energy, we can provide people with better services. Using relaxation techniques before going out can help me stay calm and reduce distractions. Because the police cannot be distracted. Today, we provide services that are more dignified, more humane, more just and less aggressive. We worry about the needs of others and worry about our work better. And all this is due to our taking care of our mental health.
Glasswing's ability to help police departments, hospitals and schools has attracted the attention of influential foundations and corporate donors. Celina de Sola stated that they worked with government agencies, the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank to provide Glasswing with the funds needed to expand its project
We will grow next year, almost twice the size of the organization.
Glasswing has approximately 300 employees and more volunteers. But its influence exceeds what it can achieve in the hospitals, schools, and jurisdictions where it works. It is working with the Ministry of Education and Health to share its methods and courses so government employees can copy them themselves. The goal is to reshape the way public institutions treat the people they serve.
We are able to implement these procedures within the existing system, and then we will get research partners to help us evaluate these procedures. What’s really exciting is that you can then come to the Ministry of Health and say, “Look at what we did with your team at your hospital”, or “See what we did with your team at your school ". "This provides better suggestions for system changes.
The Salvadoran government is currently working with Glasswing to integrate its community school model into hundreds of public schools and communities that have the highest incidence of violence. Glasswing also hopes to help nursing and medical schools, teachers colleges, and police colleges redesign courses in the future. Dionne Delgado said the goal is to spread mental health awareness wherever it is needed.
Therefore, Glasswing's idea—Glasswing's big idea—is to create a trauma-informed ecosystem.
The goal of Glasswing is to change the system. But Celina de Sola said that Glasswing is still committed to responding to the needs of the local community and what everyone needs to heal.
This is about the individual. This is about how individuals understand and respond, so in interpersonal interactions, they can also apply this understanding to create a more compassionate and healing society instead of perpetuating the violence we are trying to prevent.
Glasswing volunteer Emanuel, who told his story at the beginning of this episode, said that it is possible to change one person at a time. He often thinks of a boy in his after-school club, who came to him one day and thanked him.
I haven't done anything special for him. I asked him why he wanted to thank me. He told me that he had problems with his family and stepfather at home. He may face violence or abuse. He has been thinking of joining a gang, and a gang has just tried to recruit him.
But the boy said that he rejected the offer because Emanuel taught him to expect more in life. This reminds Emanuel of his choice to give up violence. He can really change the lives of these children. He said he ran to the teachers' lounge so that the boy would not see him crying.
The magic they created in Glasswing—all of these wonderful things that we sometimes don’t realize we have. We can go from being unable to help to truly wanting to help. Anyone has the ability to break free from their trapped shell. This magic has always been with me.
Thank you very much for embarking on a journey to El Salvador with Glasswing International today. If you want to comment on our podcast, please visit ssir.org/unchartedground and find the comment link at the top of any episode page. Or send an email to [email protected]. You can subscribe to Uncharted Ground on any platform where you listen to podcasts (Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Google Podcasts, Stitcher, etc.). If you like this episode, please rate us on these sites. It will help more people understand us. In our next episode: Solar energy is the logical source of electricity for a vast country like India. But its power goes far beyond lights and machinery.
Don't just think about solar energy, it's solar panels and solar cells. Solar energy is the democratization of power for us.
Provide support and empowerment to the rural poor in India and other regions. Next time in unknown territory.
This episode was reported and written by Kathleen Schalch and produced by me. Jennifer Goren edited this story. Tina Tobey Mack provides sound editing and design. Barbara Wheeler-Bride and Bryan Maygers are responsible for managing our audience development. Thanks to Celina de Sola and her entire team at Glasswing for sharing their stories with us. Uncharted Ground is produced and distributed in collaboration with Stanford Social Innovation Review of Stanford University, and is online at ssir.org. I’m Jonathan Levine, and you have been in uncharted territory.
Jonathan Levine, the founder and host of Uncharted Ground, is a journalist and global development practitioner. Previously, he directed a plan to strengthen the health system in Zimbabwe, managed a US$27 million grant portfolio for the Children’s Investment Fund Foundation, evaluated corporate and charitable donor plans, and served as the publisher of Business Week magazine. Chang and correspondent. Ask him questions, comments or suggestions related to Uncharted Ground through [email protected].
Story editor Jennifer Goren has been a senior editor at "The World" for 17 years. This is the longest-running daily global affairs program on public radio, covering everything from immigration to public health and gender Questions and other topics. She was previously a producer at WBUR in Boston.
Tina Tobey Mack, sound designer, is an independent radio producer and sound editor. She was previously a member of the "The World" engineering team of WGBH in Boston, the studio manager of BBC World Service and the technical director of WBUR in Boston.
The award-winning broadcast journalist Kathleen Nell Schalch has covered the National Public Radio for 13 years, leading its coverage of global poverty, economic development, and the impact of foreign aid, trade, and investment. She received a master's degree from the University of Pennsylvania and the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University.
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